If you want a Ph.D. and you don't mind going to an excellent school that's not necessarily top 5, absolutely apply to Ph.D. programs!! My stats are very similar to yours (one year research, no pubs; three great recs, but only one about research; basically unknown state university; basically swap our quant and verbal scores; 3.9 GPA/4.0 in major), and I got in to 2 top 20 schools and a top 50 (all with full funding packages), and the rest of the schools I applied to were top 5 (one of which interviewed me, and I admittedly bombed). The school that I'll likely be attending is top 10 in my area.
I think it's important to (seem like you) know exactly what you want to study when applying to these schools, and thus be really specific in your statement of purpose. Pick out professors you'd like to work with at each school, read about their research, and talk about it specifically in your statement. You also don't have to have done only supervised research. Did you do any research of your own, or somehow demonstrate ability to do independent work like in an independent study course? You can talk about all of this stuff in your statement. Come up with an area of research that relates to your experience and explain why you're passionate about it (or better yet, show how you're passionate about it).
As a backup, many Ph.D. programs will offer you a (unfunded) master's if they don't feel very confident in your research skills, so you would likely still have that option available if you aim for Ph.D. And as the person above said, even when they don't guarantee funding for master's students you can often still find funding once you get there, and eventually transition to the Ph.D. program.
I think the best thing to do between now and next year would be to try to find a programming job with a research lab. These are rare, but they do exist at the bigger (CS) schools and I think this would look really good on your app.