I know that the past month has been a disappointing one for a number of people on this board, and I just wanted to offer some hope for those of you who haven't been accepted into a program for this year.
Last year, I was rejected from all six schools to which I applied. At the time, I had a near 4.0 GPA at a top school, great GRE scores, and a writing sample that had been runner-up in an English Department essay competition. This year, I was accepted to a number of top ten and top twenty programs, including four of the six that had rejected my first application. While there is a degree of randomness about this process, in my case, I believe I have identified a number of factors that made the difference.
1) Recommendations. At the time of my first application, I was still a senior in college, and had been abroad for half of junior year. I had also - foolishly, in retrospect - worked to fulfill all of my distribution requirements before senior year. Consequently, I hadn't had courses with many of the top professors in my field. My recommendations came from one full English professor, one lecturer who knew me very well, and a big-name professor from another humanities department. This year, having taken four upper-level English seminars (including two graduate seminars) during my senior year, I was able to apply with the backing of three (and for some schools four) full English professors. I also suspect that the professors who wrote for me this year, knowing that I had been unsuccessful the previous year, were particularly anxious to be good advocates for me this time around.
2) Writing Sample - I fully believe that the essay I submitted this year was considerably better than the one I submitted last year. I am positive, however, that while last year's submission may have been a good essay, it was a terrible choice for a writing sample. It was well-written and showed off my analytical skills, but it didn't indicate a potential scholar. This year's writing sample wasn't just a good close reading; it demonstrated my particular command of the works of the author in question and gave evidence of real engagement with some broader critical issues. I want to emphasize, however, that my writing sample did NOT focus heavily on the works of other critics or on a specific school of literary criticism.
3) Focus. Last year, I mentioned two potential subfields in my personal statement rather than focusing on one. I think this led to an incoherent application: my writing sample fit within one of the subfields, but I also mentioned the senior thesis I was working on, which fit within the other. This year, I had a clearly delineated primary focus; while I mentioned the second interest, it was obvious that I was applying in subfield A. Even though graduate programs know that a lot of students change interests in the first few years of grad school, enough of them still divide applicants by sub-field that focus matters.
I also want to mention some thing that I did not do, just to give some indication of what proved less important. I did not enter an MA program or do anything related to literature during my year off. I did not get in touch with faculty members at the schools I applied to. I did not do a lot of in-depth research into my "fit" with various programs - my personal statements had one or two lines mentioning a couple of professors I might like working with and identifying one or two attributes of the department that I liked, but nothing terribly specific. I did not publish.
I understand that my experience may not be relevant to everyone. If you think a low undergrad GPA might have been a factor, for instance, it might take a one year MA program to make up for it. But I don't think that my mistakes were unique, and hope that this proves helpful to some. I'm more or less the same student this year that I was last year, but I presented myself much, much better, and that made an enormous difference.