DOE fellowship

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The economic stimulus has led to a new graduate fellowship opportunity, the Office of Science Graduate Fellowship program under the US Department of Energy open to graduate students in areas that are aligned with the mission of the DOE. You must be a US citizen so it is a bit more restrictive than NSF.

However, the application materials are almost identical to what NSF asks for so if you're already applying to fellowships, you should definitely consider this one as well.

http://www.scied.science.doe.gov/SCGF.html