colormespeech

I second everything the above poster said with some additional steps.  As much as it will suck study with Magoosh or take a prep class and attempt to improve your scores.  Even if you don't it shows that you were willing to make an effort.  I would see reappliers apply to my program without changing a single thing on their application.  The appearance of a lack of effort I feel is more impactful than the lower scores when reapplying.  Have something to show tangibly how much you want this.  This is just from an admissions viewpoint, I'm sure you're working really hard towards this goal it just needs to show on their end.  Also I've heard of worse scores your writing was fantastic and verbal was also good my math was lower as well maybe you could bump the verbal up just enough to clear a combined 300!
Lastly I'd make some attempt at explaining why your GPA was so low did you make an effort to be tutored?  Were you working 40 hours a week, etc etc.. Grad school is academically rigorous and most programs cannot let you graduate without a 3.0-3.5 GPA average.  So if you think you can earn that GPA in the more difficult grad classes I'd explain how bc they are taking the risk that you won't academically be able to graduate so I would address that and be able to explain why that won't be an issue.  This is not to discourage you but to help you prove to schools you can succeed whereas your academic stats might paint a different picture.
Goodluck!

This was extremely helpful. Thank you so much!

As for applying for Spring, I think that is really up to you. If you have the money to apply, then it would be worth a shot because you never know! 
As for better ways to research programs, I used EdFind on ASHA. It is really tedious but I narrowed it down to states and distances I was willing to travel and then started doing research on those particular schools to find ones that would best fit my stats. There are probably threads on here if you do some digging, but I have found that this forum doesn't necessarily cover all of the programs that exist in rural areas with less applications and smaller cohorts. I am not sure what state you live in, but if you live in or near Pennsylvania, or are willing to move I have found that, Edinboro: Cal U: Clarion were schools in the western Pennsylvania region that didn't have as high of requirements as some other schools. 
As for writing a letter of intent, my undergrad advisor told us to follow this prompt: Why do you want to be an SLP/How did you decide on this career? What cohort and setting do you want to work in and why? What are your strengths and weaknesses? Why this school? (As long as the school doesn't have their own specific prompt)
I was advised that you should tell a brief story about why you chose SLP. When you write about why you want to go to that specific school, it is best to look up that school's program and the work they do. What is the schools motto? What kind of research do they do? Who are their professors and alumni? You can say how maybe their research and alumni have accomplished great things for the field and you need to learn from those individuals. If you use specific names and facts about the school that proves you have looked into the school and have a genuine interest in them, that stands out a lot. I had an English professor who was also a journalist review my essays and she said to use "demanding statements". Rather than saying "I hope to work with children with Autism", she said to say "I aim/strive to work with children with Autism because..." It will tell the admissions committee that you know what you want and that you are willing to work for it. Read, reread and reread again. Cut out any wordiness. Make everything short and to the point. You don't need to be overly descriptive. You can still write passionately without talking around a topic. You don't have to write about everything you have done in relation to the field. That will show on your resume. 
My own personal tip for writing personal statements: Write a "common app essay" that answers all the general questions about why you want to be an SLP, where you want to be and what your strengths and weaknesses are. Finalize that portion and make sure it is exactly what you want. Have others read it and edit. Then save that draft. Now do your research on the schools. You can write 1-2 small paragraphs about "why this school" and then just add it to the end of your "common app" that way you aren't writing a bunch of 1-3 page essays every time you need to submit an application. Writing all of that can get tiring and I found myself not caring as much by the end of my applications because I was tired of trying to be creative. You can individualize each essay to each individual school by talking specifically about their program. 
My last tip is to not worry too much about what is going on in this forum when it comes to applications and who has what stats. No one is the same. Everyone's stats are different and sometimes people with "better stats" are not admitted due to other circumstances. You can only make your application the best it can be for you. I panicked a lot during the application process because my "stats" were a bit lower than my friends and I didn't have any research, work or specific volunteer experience. But I was admitted into 3/5 schools I applied to. Don't be discouraged!
Best of luck!

Thank you so much for all the suggestions everyone! It really does give me hope and a sense of direction for where I need to go next. 
As of now, I have basically been applying to any and every job opportunity that would be valuable for me as a future SLP. I currently have interviews as an assistant teacher in early childhood development. I have applied for full and part-time ABA therapist and behavior technician/specialist positions, paraprofessional positions, and even some recreational aide positions. I have also contacted locations for volunteer experience with an emphasis on those with certified SLPs. I was unsure about whether to go through with my assistant teacher interviews since I noticed many other individuals in my situation are leaning more towards one-on-one and behavioral intervention. However, my main focus is on early intervention and I wanted to seek out opportunities that enhanced my ability to create lesson plans and implement engaging learning strategies. 
I will also be studying for the GRE starting this August. How much time is recommended for studying?