Typical Public Health Careers are:
Health Services Researcher
Public Health Scientist
Statistician
Biostatistician
Administration Officer
Academia (Tenure/Non-tenure)
Epidemiologist
Policy Analyst
You don't need to work only at the CDC, you can work at other government agencies like the VA, FDA, USDA. You can also work at your state/local Health Agency (for California, it would be CDPH). There's also private companies like bio-tech companies or even FAANG who hire health researchers for their health-related applications. Another set of companies can be insurance and hospitals such as Kaiser, USC Hospital, UCI Health, etc. as a researcher.
If you are very programmer heavy, you can also just leverage it and be a SWE as the PhD will at the very least show you hold critical thinking skills and can solve complex problems.