I'm currently finishing up an MA from in a francophone Canadian department, and preparing to move to an American PhD this upcoming fall. So although my own experience is somewhat limited, I may have some insight into your questions.
My department is "reputed" in the history of philosophy, if it enjoys any reputation at all. But my core interests are in issues of contemporary analytic philosophy. So I'm quite certain the reputation of my department played no role in deciding where I have or will be admitted. As for you, on the other hand, being associated with Jean Nicod or the Berlin School of Mind and Brain would certainly boost your chances, as these are indeed well-reputed schools (especially if the areas of analytic philosophy you wish to work in during your PhD are informed by research in the empirical/mind sciences). Still, I don't think you should worry too much about reputation.
What makes a successful applicant is not the quality of your previous education but rather the quality of your application. This may seem trivial, but to me it suggests you may be raising the wrong question (assuming that, your ultimate concern is to be admitted to an American PhD program). If what determines whether you are admitted to a PhD is the quality of your application, then an important factor in deciding between MA schools is whether these programs will give you the tools, and especially the guidance, to do well as an applicant. If it is not customary for MA students at Jean Nicod, for instance, to go on to a PhD in the states, that may be a problem.
To be sure, whether a program prepares you well as a PhD applicant is not the only factor to be considered. You should definitely take into account the intrinsic qualities of the MA program, as well as the unique experience of studying abroad. But regarding the specific question 'whether that will help/hurt my chance", I would worry rather little about reputation, and quite a bit about the actual track record (or potential) of a program at preparing its master students for PhD applications.