Hi, so I'm just passing by and I'm not in Islamic studies so here are my unqualified two cents -- I'm East Asian/International and I've observed that for a lot of people in of my nationality in religious studies, if they didn't get their BA in a U.S. college, tend to get a masters degree at an American University and then successfully transition into a PhD program. A lot of people even get 2 masters degree, just so that they have 1 masters from their home country and the second from a U.S. institution. I imagine if you have a master's from like American Uni of Beirut/Cairo that would be incredibly portable/legible to the U.S. system as well, but if not, have you considered a master's program at a Divinity School like HDS? They tend to give out full scholarships and unfortunately living costs you would have to manage yourself, but if you're really set on a PhD programs, it might be the most direct way to leverage yourself/gain connections, and I know of several people to successfully moved from divinity degrees to prestigious PhD programs.
Of course, even without the master's program, I think it's very worthwhile to apply again! I know someone who got into a fantastic program on their third try, so most definitely a master's isn't the only way to get into a PhD programs.
I hope it all works out. I'm in my early 30s and I recently got into a great PhD program after a divinity degree. Sometimes it takes longer, but if you are passionate, it can work out. Good luck!